In this simpe, guide, we will summarize important manifestatins of Cognitive bias - distortion in the way humans perceive reality. Many of these biases are often studied for how they affect business and economic decisions and how they affect experimental research. 

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Forer effect
The Forer effect (also called personal validation fallacy or the Barnum effect after P. T. Barnum) is the observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. The Forer effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some pseudosciences such as astrology and fortune telling, as well as many types of personality tests.

Bandwagon effect
The tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink, herd behavior, and manias.

Bias blind spot
The tendency not to compensate for one's own cognitive biases.

Choice-supportive bias
The tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were.

Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.

Contrast effect
The enhancement or diminishment of a weight or other measurement when compared with recently observed contrasting object.

Déformation professionnelle
The tendency to look at things according to the conventions of one's own profession, forgetting any broader point of view.

Endowment effect
The tendency for people to value something more as soon as they own it.

Focusing effect
Prediction bias occurring when people place too much importance on one aspect of an event; causes error in accurately predicting the utility of a future outcome.

Hyperbolic discounting
The tendency for people to have a stronger preference for more immediate payoffs relative to later payoffs, the closer to the present both payoffs are.

Illusion of control
The tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes which they clearly cannot.

Impact bias
The tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.

Information bias
The tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.

Loss aversion
The tendency for people strongly to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

Neglect of probability
The tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty.

Mere exposure effect
The tendency for people to express undue liking for things merely because they are familiar with them.

Omission bias
The tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful omissions (inactions).

Outcome bias
The tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.

Planning fallacy
The tendency to underestimate task-completion times.

Post-purchase rationalization
The tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value.

Pseudocertainty effect
The tendency to make risk-averse choices if the expected outcome is positive, but make risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.

Selective perception
The tendency for expectations to affect perception.

Status quo bias
The tendency for people to like things to stay relatively the same.

Von Restorff effect
The tendency for an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" to be more likely to be remembered than other items.

Ambiguity effect
The avoidance of options for which missing information makes the probability seem "unknown".

Anchoring
The tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.

Anthropic bias
The tendency for one's evidence to be biased by observation selection effects.

Attentional bias
Neglect of relevant data when making judgments of a correlation or association.

Availability heuristic
A biased prediction, due to the tendency to focus on the most salient and emotionally-charged outcome.

Clustering illusion
The tendency to see patterns where actually none exist.

Conjunction fallacy
The tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than general ones.

Gambler's fallacy
The tendency to assume that individual random events are influenced by previous random events — "the coin has a memory".

Hindsight bias
Sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, the inclination to see past events as being predictable.

Illusory correlation
Beliefs that inaccurately suppose a relationship between a certain type of action and an effect.

Ludic fallacy
The analysis of chance related problems with the narrow frame of games. Ignoring the complexity of reality, and the non-gaussian distribution of many things.

Neglect of prior base rates effect
The tendency to fail to incorporate prior known probabilities which are pertinent to the decision at hand.

Observer-expectancy effect
When a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it (see also subject-expectancy effect).

Optimism bias
The systematic tendency to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions.

Overconfidence effect
The tendency to overestimate one's own abilities.

Positive outcome bias
A tendency in prediction to overestimate the probability of good things happening to them (see also wishful thinking, optimism bias and valence effect).

Recency effect
The tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events (see also peak-end rule).

Reminiscence bump
The effect that people tend to recall more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than from other lifetime periods.

Rosy retrospection
The tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.

Primacy effect
The tendency to weigh initial events more than subsequent events.

Subadditivity effect
The tendency to judge probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.

Telescoping effect
The effect that recent events appear to have occurred more remotely and remote events appear to have occurred more recently.

Texas sharpshooter fallacy
The fallacy of selecting or adjusting a hypothesis after the data is collected, making it impossible to test the hypothesis fairly.

Actor-observer bias
The tendency for explanations for other individual's behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation. This is coupled with the opposite tendency for the self in that one's explanations for their own behaviors overemphasize my situation and underemphasize the influence of my personality.

Egocentric bias
Occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would.

False consensus effect
The tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree with them.

Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for people to over-emphasize personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior.

Halo effect
The tendency for a person's positive or negative traits to "spill over" from one area of their personality to another in others' perceptions of them.

Illusion of asymmetric insight
People perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them.

Illusion of transparency
People overestimate others' ability to know them, and they also overestimate their ability to know others.

Ingroup bias
Preferential treatment people give to whom they perceive to be members of their own groups.

Just-world phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe that the world is "just" and therefore people "get what they deserve."

Lake Wobegon effect
The human tendency to report flattering beliefs about oneself and believe that one is above average.

Notational bias
A form of cultural bias in which a notation induces the appearance of a nonexistent natural law.

Outgroup homogeneity bias
Individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups.

Projection bias
The tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions.

Self-serving bias
The tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures. It may also manifest itself as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests

Self-fulfilling prophecy
The tendency to engage in behaviors that elicit results which will (consciously or subconsciously) confirm our beliefs.

System justification
The tendency to defend and bolster the status quo, i.e. existing social, economic, and political arrangements tend to be preferred, and alternatives disparaged sometimes even at the expense of individual and collective self-interest.

Trait ascription bias
The tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable.

Zeigarnik effect
The Zeigarnik effect states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.

- Sourced from Wikipedia

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